What is "ground effect" in aviation?

Ground effect refers to the aerodynamic phenomenon that occurs when an aircraft is flying close to the ground, typically within a distance equal to the wingspan of the aircraft. In this situation, the airflow over and under the wings is altered due to the proximity to the ground, which leads to an increase in lift and a decrease in drag.

This effect is particularly pronounced during the takeoff and landing phases of flight. As the aircraft approaches the ground, the high-pressure air that is generated beneath the wings can create a cushion that supports the weight of the aircraft, enhancing lift. This increased lift allows the aircraft to fly more efficiently at lower speeds, which is critical for safe takeoff and landing operations.

The reduction in drag associated with ground effect also contributes to improved performance during these critical phases, as pilots require less power to maintain altitude and airspeed. Understanding ground effect is vital for pilots, as it influences their approach and landing techniques, ensuring they can effectively manage the aircraft's performance in close proximity to the runway surfaces.